ABSTRACT: In Brazil several digital soil class mapping studies were carried out from 2006 onwards to maximize the use of existing maps and information and to provide estimates for wider areas. However, there is no consensus on which methods have produced superior results in the predictive value of soil maps. This study conducts a systematic review of digital soil class mapping in Brazil and aims to analyze the factors which can improve the accuracy of digital soil class maps. Data from 334 digital soil class mapping studies were grouped and analyzed by Student's t-test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test. When conventional maps were used for validation, the studies showed average values of 63 % and when field samples were used, 56 % for Overall Accuracy. Studies compatible with the Planimetric Cartographic Accuracy Standard for Digital Cartographic Products (PEC-PCD) averaged between 4 % and 15 % higher accuracy than those of the incompatible group. There seems to be no evidence that increasing the number of variables and samples results in more accurate soil map prediction, but studies using variables related to four soil-forming factors enhanced accuracy. From a density of 0.08 MU km–2 and upwards, it became more difficult for studies to obtain greater accuracy. Artificial neural network classifiers and Decision Tree models seem to be producing more accurate digital soil class maps.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desagregar os polígonos de mapas de unidades fisiográficas, de modo a individualizar as classes de solos ocorrentes em cada unidade, para representá-las como unidades de mapeamento simples de solos e gerar um mapa de solos com maior detalhe cartográfico que o mapa original, ampliando a utilidade desses dados em demandas futuras. Foi utilizado um mapa fisiográfico, em escala 1:25.000, da microbacia Córrego Tarumãzinho, localizada no Município de Águas Frias, no Estado de Santa Catarina. Para realizar a desagregação, foram utilizados três parâmetros geomorfométricos: declividade e formas do terreno, ambas derivadas do modelo digital do terreno; e mapa de elevação. Os limites das unidades fisiográficas e os mapas de elevação, declividade e formas do terreno foram submetidos à tabulação cruzada para identificar as combinações existentes entre as classes de solos que compõem cada unidade fisiográfica. A partir dessas combinações, foram elaboradas regras para selecionar áreas de ocorrência típica de cada tipo de solo, para treinar um modelo de árvores de decisão para predição da ocorrência das classes de solos. O treinamento do modelo foi realizado no programa Weka, e a sua validação foi feita com um conjunto de perfis de solos georreferenciados. A desagregação possibilita a individualização e a espacialização das classes de solos e é útil para a produção de mapas de solos detalhados.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to disaggregate the polygons of physiographic map units in order to individualize the soil classes in each one, representing them as simple soil map units and generating a more detailed soil map than the original one, making these data more useful for future reference. A physiographic map, on a 1:25,000 scale, of the Tarumãzinho watershed, located in the municipality of Águas Frias, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, was used. For disaggregation, three geomorphometric parameters were applied: slope and landforms, both derived from the digital terrain model; and an elevation map. The boundaries of the physiographic units and the elevation, slope, and landform maps were subjected to cross tabulation to identify the existing combinations between the soil classes of each physiographic unit. Based on these combinations, rules were established to select typical areas of occurrence of each soil type in order to train a decision tree model to predict the occurrence of soil classes. The model was trained using the Weka software and was validated with a set of georeferenced soil profiles. Disaggregation enables the individualization and spatialization of soil classes and is useful in producing detailed soil maps.

ABSTRACT Soil surveys often contain multi-component map units comprising two or more soil classes, whose spatial distribution within the map unit is not represented. Digital Soil Mapping tools supported by information from soil surveys make it possible to predict where these classes are located. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to increase the detail of conventional soil maps by means of spatial disaggregation of multi-component map units and to predict the spatial location of the derived soil classes. Three digital maps of terrain variables - slope, landforms, and topographic wetness index - were correlated with the soil map and 72 georeferenced profiles from the Porto Alegre soil survey. Explicit rules that expressed regional soil-landscape relationships were formulated based on the resulting combinations. These rules were used to select typical areas of occurrence of each soil class and to train a decision tree model to predict the occurrence of individualized soil classes. Validation of the soil map predictions was conducted by comparison with available soil profiles. The soil map produced showed high agreement (80.5 % accuracy) with the soil classes observed in the soil profiles; Ultisols and Lithic Udorthents were predicted with greater accuracy. The soil variables selected in this study were suitable to represent the soil-landscape relationships, suggesting potential use in future studies. This approach developed a more detailed soil map relevant to current demands for soil information and has potential to be replicated in other areas in which data availability is similar.

ABSTRACT A large number of predictor variables can be used in digital soil mapping; however, the presence of irrelevant covariables may compromise the prediction of soil types. Thus, algorithms can be applied to select the most relevant predictors. This study aimed to compare three covariable selection systems (two filter algorithms and one wrapper algorithm) and assess their impacts on the predictive model. The study area was the Lajeado River Watershed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We used forty predictor covariables, derived from a digital elevation model with 30 m resolution, in which the three selection models were applied and separated into subsets. These subsets were used to assess performance by applying four prediction algorithms. The wrapper method obtained the best performance values for the predictive model in all the algorithms evaluated. The three selection methods applied reduced the number of covariables in the predictive models by 70 % and enabled prediction of the 14 soil mapping units.

RESUMO As chuvas constituem-se na principal fonte de água para bacias hidrográficas. Por isso, a quantificação e o conhecimento de sua distribuição temporal e espacial são indispensáveis para o dimensionamento de projetos hidráulicos. Objetivou-se avaliar a aderência de séries de dados pluviométricos a diferentes modelos probabilísticos e estimar parâmetros da equação de intensidade-duração-frequência (IDF) para estações pluviométricas do Estado da Paraíba. Os dados pluviométricos de cada estação foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados da Agência Nacional de Águas. Para estimar as precipitações máximas diárias de cada estação e o período de retorno (5, 10, 15, 25, 50 e 100 anos), foram utilizadas as seguintes distribuições de probabilidade: Gumbel, Log-Normal II, Log-Normal III, Pearson III e Log-Pearson III. A estimativa das chuvas nas durações de 5-1.440 min foi realizada pela desagregação das precipitações pluviométricas diárias. O ajuste da equação IDF foi realizado por meio de regressão múltipla não linear, com uso do método de interação de gradação reduzida generalizada não linear. As equações de chuvas intensas para a maioria das estações, quando comparadas aos dados observados, apresentaram ajustes com coeficientes de determinação acima de 0,99, o que referenda a metodologia empregada neste trabalho.

ABSTRACT Rainfall is the primary water source for hydrographic basins. Hence, the quantification and knowledge of its temporal and spatial distribution are indispensable in dimensioning hydraulic projects. This study aimed at assessing the fit of a series of rainfall data to different probability models, as well as estimating parameters of the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) equation for rain stations of the Paraíba State, Brazil. The rainfall data of each station were obtained from the Brazilian Water Agency databanks. To estimate the maximum daily rainfall of each station and return period (5, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 100 years), the following probability distributions were used: Gumbel, Log-Normal II, Log-Normal III, Pearson III and Log-Pearson III. The estimation of rainfall in durations of 5-1,440 min was carried out by daily rainfall disaggregation. The adjustment of the IDF equation was performed via nonlinear multiple regression, using the nonlinear generalized reduced gradient interaction method. When compared to the data observed, the intense rainfall equations for most stations showed goodness of fit with coefficients of determination above 0.99, which supports the methodology applied in this study.

Neste trabalho objetivou-se ajustar e comparar os parâmetros (K, a, b e c) da equação de intensidade-duração-frequência para precipitações pluviais máximas de 133 estações pluviométricas localizadas no estado do Piauí, disponíveis no banco de dados da Agência Nacional de Águas - ANA. Inicialmente, foi realizada a seleção das estações através de analise de consistência das séries de dados, a partir do qual foram selecionadas 105 estações pluviométricas. As chuvas máximas de um dia foram desagregadas em duração de 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 60; 360; 480; 600; 720 e 1.440 minutos e estimadas as chuvas máximas através de modelos probabilísticos para cada duração e período de retorno de 5; 10; 25; 50 e 100 anos. Em seguida, fez-se o ajuste dos parâmetros (K, a, b e c) através do emprego de regressão linear e não linear. O ajuste dos parâmetros da equação de intensidade-duração-frequência para precipitações máximas realizado por regressão não linear apresentou R² (0,99) superior aos valores ajustados por regressão linear (0,98).

This work aimed to adjust and compare the parameters (K, a, b and c) of the intensity-duration-frequency equations of the maximum rainfall taken from 133 rainfall stations located in the state of Piauí in Brazil, which are available from the database of the National Water Agency - ANA. The stations were initially chosen by analysis of the consistency of the data series, and then from these, 105 rainfall stations were then selected. The maximum rains for one day were separated into durations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 360, 480, 600 , 720 and 1440 minutes and the maximum rainfall estimated using probabilistic models for each duration and each return period of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. The parameters (K, a, b and c) were then adjusted by means of both linear and nonlinear regression. The adjustment of the parameters of the intensity-duration- frequency equation for maximum precipitation, carried out using nonlinear regression, had R² (0.99) higher than the values adjusted using linear regression (0.98).